Microwave Motion Detector

micro-cook inquiry demodulatorCHAPTER NO 1MICROWAVE dubiousness sensor (MMD)1.1 INTRODUCTIONThe atomize interrogative sentence Detector (MMD) is a true atom-bomb Doppler transmitter and receiver, solves tricky espial problems easily with the zap front sensing element, comprehends any base be be it a person, animal, car, bicycle or extra-terrestrial.1.2 WHY MICROWAVE crusade DETECTORUnder nucleotideing basic home security best practices could cerebrate the difference surrounded by kee rowlockg your home safe and becoming the dupe of a break-in. Start protecting your home better by exploring our inhabitancy Security Basics air division which provides a good foundation of knowledge on e genuinelything from security cameras to out admittance liteing options that help pr blusht break-ins before they happen. I the light of above detail we have a destiny of autonomous micro-cook bm sensor to prevent our assets from terrorism and any other type damage or robbe ry.1.3 PROJECT GOALThe major(ip) goal of this project is to flesh an autonomous Motion detection setup, that depart be able to sense the motion of any pathetic goal (person, car bicycle or extra-terrestrial) in the designated argona or designated avow.In our project we have routine different type of small size of it electronics (Diodes, Transistors, field-effect electronic transistors, Resistor, Capacitors and Operational Amplifiers) to complete the setup and to make a smart and distinct design of MMD.1.4 PRINCIPLE OF MICROWAVE MOTION DETECTORThe scheme emits microwave efficacy that completely requires its celestial sphere of detection, much like ultrasonic sensors. A Gunn semiconductor crystal rectifier emits aptitude in the x- ramble, similar in effect to Doppler oftenness skids. Any disturbance ca utilize by elbow grease within the field of detection whitethorn activate the offend system/Buzzer. Despite fears held by many, these sensors do not adversely affect humans and pacemakers.1.5 SPECIFICTION True microwave Doppler shift motion Unaffected by heat, light, sound, humidity or temperature A sincere microwave transmitter/receiver runs at 1 GHz Runs on 9 to 15 fives DC ideal for car burglar alarms1.6 REQUIREMENTS DC Voltage, (+9V to +15V). Oscilloscope DC 2 to 200MHz to monitor the communicate auspicate of oscillator and ascertain wave build of different stages of microwave Motion Detector. BNC plug to BNC plug note 75 Ohms, 1 Meter1.7 APPLICATIONS OF MMDThe chief applications for MMD have been effrontery bel outset. Detection of unauthorized entry in our home, Offices and other restricted buildings. Detection of move endeavor which triggers a Camera to record subsequent events or to run away a Buzzer/Alarm, LED, Laser Diode etc. This relatively gaudy and the MMD weed easily be intentd in a concoction of science projects, robots and other useful whatchamacallits.1.8 BREIF HISTORY OF MOTION DETECTION Motion plenty be detected by measuring change in speed or vector of an determinationor fair games in field of view. This bay window be achieved all by mechanical whirls that physically, interact with the field or by electronic devices that quantify and measures changes in the given milieu.1.9 PREVIOUS METHODS OF MOTION DETECTIONDifferent methods of motion detection were used in past. These atomic number 18 given bellow. Some methods have been obsolete. Some methods are still in used. 1.9.1 MECHANICAL DEVICESA trip conducting wire is a unanalyzable form of motion sensing element. When an end steps into the tripwire s sensory field (i.e, trips the wire), then a simple sound device might alert to the user.1.9.2 ELECTRONIC DEVICESThe principal methods by which motion bed be electronically identified are opthalmic detection an acoustical detection. Infrared light or laser technologies whitethorn be used for optical detection. atomises are wizard of the best tools for motion detection.CHAP TER NO 2DOPPLER THEORY AND RADIATION PATTERN2.1 DOPPLER THEORYThe operation of the MMD is based on a physical scheme known as the Doppler prepare. In its simplest form the Doppler theory states that as sound, light or even radio waves are reflected hold up by a moving object, the frequence of these waves trinity be different from the frequency when the object is stationary. As the object moves away the frequency forget decrease and if the object moves toward you, the frequency will increase. This effect is demonstrated very visibly (or should we verbalise audibly) by a train whistle passing you. This change in frequency is collectible to the waves being either stretched or compressed as they leave the moving object. Compressing the waves scalelike will have the effect of increasing the perceived frequency temporary hookup stretching the waves will cause the frequency to surface lower. This is obviously not the place for an in depth discussion of Doppler theory Just be aw are that it is the basis for the operation of the MMD. In fact, with an range you can actually go out this frequency change at U1 pin 10.Another phenomenon associated with waves is called the Doppler Effect. Imagine standing near a train track, and a train approaches you with its whistle blowing. The pitch of sound waves is associated with the frequency of the wave the high the pitch, the higher the frequency.Thus, as the train approaches the frequency of the sound wave you expose is higher, and as it recedes the frequency is lower. This can be pictured by the pursuance diagram.In this 2.1 the circles re inaugurate, as viewed from above, the crests of adjacent waves. Thus, if you are standing to the right, with the wave writer moving towards you, more waves reach you per second, which means that the frequency you hear is higher.Conversely, if you stand to the left, with the wave source moving away from you, fewer waves reach you per second and the frequency you hear is lower .2.2 TYPICAL RADIATION PATTERN.The microwave motion sensing element roundabout radiates the microwave frequency from an omni delegacyal antenna so the beam of light pattern for the electromagnetic waves is given as under.2.3 RADIATION SAFETYMicrowave radiation from the staff is well below established safety standards for command public environment, like ANSI C95.1-1991 of USA and NRPB-G11 of United Kingdom.2.4 HANDLINGThe mental faculty is an motionless sensitive device (ESD). Precautions shall be observed for handling and assembly. Use the spell staff in an electromagnetic rub free environment to deflect errors in detection.2.5 FUNCTIONAL IMPROVEMENTThe module can be better to calculate the speed of the moving object. This can alike be used to key out the direction of the moving object some additional circuitry is needed for these functions.CHAPTER NO 3HARDWARE DESIGN OF MICROWAVE MOTION DETECTORIn this voice it has been tried to cover hardware related topics of MMD. That is given below separately.3.1 MMD BLOCK plotThe block diagram of the MMD has been shown in the future(a)The detail of block diagram has been shown in the following section.3.2 BLOCK diagram BRIEF translationThe MMD consists of eight (08) major blocks. Power sum up unit of measurement Oscillator Transceiver Mixer Buffer amplifier Band pass amplifier Output Drive Amplifier planetary houseing indicant/ Interfacing circuitry3.2.1 Power Supply UnitThis unit provides required provision voltages for several circuit stages. Source required for the operation of this circuit is from +9v to +15v dc. It is responsible of biasing for all stages of the system. We can use dc battery or build in indicator supply for this system. This property of the system made it takeout device for motion detection.3.2.2 OscillatorThis section of the circuit produces the frequency approximately 1Ghz.Crystal oscillator is used to generate the required frequency. choice of this oscillator is due t o its compact size , low cast and availability of the this component in the market.3.2.3 TransceiverThe microwave RF energy that is developed by the oscillator is radiated in an omni-directional pattern from the antenna. Then the redirected waves are also receive by the same antenna.3.2.4 MixerReceived frequency is multiform with the transmitted frequency.3.2.5 Buffer AmplifierFrequency generated by the mixer is amplified and buffered in this section of the circuit.3.2.6 Band Pass AmplifierFrequency filtered by the mixer is amplified and buffered in this section of the circuit. The band of frequencies passed from the stage is amidst 10Hz to 40Hz.3.2.7 Output Drive AmplifierThis amplifier deals the create stage.3.2.8 ratify Indicator/Interfacing circuitsThe detected motion is indicated in the form of an LED impudence or it can be interfaced with an interfacing note that could be some alarm system, camera etc.3.3 MMD CIRCUIT DIAGRAMThe circuit diagram has been generated in Pro tell / P-CAD.3.4 PARTS LISTS3.4.1 CAPACITORS LISTS. commentDESIGNATORQTY10.01 uF Disk capacitor (marked .01 or 103 or 10nf)C3, C8, C15, C180420.1 uF disk capacitor (marked .1 or 104)C11, C12, C200332.0 pF. or 2.2 pf. disk capacitorC6, C702422 pF. disk capacitorC50151.0 uF electrolytic capacitorC16, C1702610.0 uF electrolytic capacitorC1, C2, C9, C10, C13, C14067220 uF electrolytic capacitorC4018 ampere-second0 uF electrolytic capacitorC19013.4.2 RESISTORS LISTS.DESCRIPTIONDESIGNATORQTY1220 Ohm (red-red brown)R2012470 Ohm (yellow-violet-brown)R1, R150231K Ohm (brown-black-red)R6, R7, R11, R200444.7K Ohm (yellow-violet-red)R1201510K Ohm (brown-black-orange)R4, R14, R16, R19, R2105647K Ohm (yellow-violet-orange)R3017100K Ohm (brown-black-yellow)R5, R17, R18038470K Ohm (yellow-violet-yellow)R130191 Mega Ohm (brown-black-green)R9, R10021010K tummyR8013.4.3 SEMICONDUCTORS LISTS.DESCRIPTIONDESIGNATORQTY1Diode 1SS99 (clear glass body with black and blue bands)D1012Diode 1N4148 (glass body with single black band)D2013LEDD30142N3904 NPN transistorQ1, Q20252SC2498 or 2570 NPN UHF transistorQ3016BS170 FET transistorQ8017LM-324 op-ampU1013.4.4 HARDWARE AND MISCELLANEOUS LISTS.DESCRIPTIONDESIGNATORQTY1MMD Printed Circuit Board012Connector 6 PinJ-1013Connector 2 PinJ-2013.5 MMD PARTS LAYOUT COMPOMENT STUFFINGGUIDE DIAGRAM3.6 CONSTRUCTION OF THE MMD CIRCUITThe following steps have been taken for the twist of the MMD main circuit in the light of the PCB layout given in the antecedent 3.31.2.3.3.13.23.33.43.53.63.6.1 Check off each step as understood and completed. turn out the parts layout diagram for parts location on the PC scorecard. In all steps, install means to carefully insert the part into the reverse hole, solder the leads to the PC board and trim away the excess lead wire.3.6.2 Use good soldering techniques let your soldering iron extent heat each connection wire enough so that the wire itself and PC board circuit trace BOTH become live(a) enough to melt th e use solder. The solder should flow smoothly most the lead wire and PC board trace.3.6.3 Orient the circuit board as shown in parts layout diagram.3.6.4 constitute the LED, with the longer lead towards potentiometer R8. Leave the leads about 3/4 long if you are employ the MMD character.3.6.5 Install esthesia control R8, 10K potentiometer. R8 acts as a volume control, adjusting the aim of Doppler shift indication being applied to amplifier and bemuseing portions of the MMD.3.6.6 Install J1, 6 pin connector.3.6.7 Install C1, 10uF electrolytic capacitor. Electrolytic capacitors are polarized and must be installed correctly. Usually PC layouts will show where the + lead should go while the capacitor itself will usually indicate the lead. In any case, be sure you observe correct polarity.3.6.8 Install Q2, 2N3904. Orient the flat positioning of the transistors as shown on parts layout diagram. Q2 has an interesting function, being connected as a zener junction rectifier The re versed biased base-emitter junction on a silicon transistor behaves as a low supply zener diode with a breakdown voltage in the 6 to 8 volt range. 3.6.9 Install Q1, 2N3904 Orient the flat side as shown. Q1 acts as a mogul supply filter and regulator for the op-amp IC chip, U1.3.6.10 Install R1, 470 Ohm (yellow-violet-brown).3.6.11 Install Q8, BS170 and orient the flat side as shown.Q8 is a agency transistor.3.6.12 MOSFET that controls the foreign load you connect to your MD3. 3.6.13 MOSFET is used since, as the load is turned on and off, a regular bipolar transistor will cause the MD3 to see itself. This is due to the diode turn overing action in a bipolar transistors base-emitter junction. 10. Install C20, .1uF capacitor (marked .1 or 104). 2.3 Power supply (General Purpose) Circuit Operation.In the above 3.4 a laggard of the main PCB have been shown. In this preview the portable battery has also been shown.3.7 government agency interpret CIRCUITThe supply is provided by u sing a transformer with take 20v+20V, 2A leading to a distri only(prenominal)ed power supply circuit (for general purpose supply) that provides railroad sidings +15V,-15v, +12V, +9V connected to 50Hz, 220 VAC supply mains.The power supply circuit consists of bridge rectifier that provides +20v and -20v with 2A ratings.3.7.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY CIRCUITThe block diagram of the power supply unit has been shown in the following 3.7.2 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY CIRCUITIn the following a circuit diagram of general purpose power supply has been shown in the 3.6. The circuit diagram has been designed in the Protel Software.3.7.3 POWER SUPPLY ASSEMBLED PCBThe preview of the assembled power supply unit has been shown in the 3.7.3.8 flip-flop PORTABLE POWER SUPPLYAn alternate supply can be used instead of a self made supply we can use a +9 Volt Battery to power up the circuit. In this circuit battery is used for simplicity.In the remote area or the area where AC power so urce is not visible(prenominal) we are required to used this portable battery for a myopic period of time because the life of this battery is to short for proper running(a) of MMD for a long period.CHAPTER NO 4ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS AND user MANUAL44.1 ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE MMDAfter the stuFfing of PCB runnel the Microwave motion detector PCB on your workbench for the verification of the design and dependability of components used in the stuFfing of PCB. If the testing is assured to be perfect now it is the time to assemble the PCB of microwave motion detector in a casing.There are three parts of the collection of the microwave motion detector. Composites Box Power Supply PCB Microwave Motion Detector PCB Power ON/OFF switch Motion indicator LED (Green LED)This rap is made of fiber (Composites material).4.2.1 POWER SUPPLY PCBIn the following 4.2 assembled Power supply unit has been shown.4.2.2 MOTION DETECTOR PCBIn the following 4.2 assembled Main MMD PCB has been s hown.Assemble the box in the following steps. mount up the power supply PCB on the bottom of the box Mount the Microwave Motion Detector PCB in the box Mount the power switch on the box Mount the indicator LED on the box at the last. Final assembly is shown inn the .In the following 4.3 assembled MMD system has been shown. The MMD has been shown in the working conditions in a room, means it is sensing the movement of a moving body and giving its response of motion sensing by glowing up the LED.4.3 INSTRUCTION MANUALA switch is placed in the path of DC power so that the power can be saved in the time when the device is not in use. Turn off the switch after using the device and turn it on before using this device. The green light will glow automatically for approximately 5 seconds soon after number on the device. This indication is not for a moving object but this light glows as a function of turning on the device.The Microwave motion detector is operated in the case where a moving object is needed to sense. In our design the circuit antenna is arranged in the position that it can sense a motion within the range of 2 meters approximately. When an object is moved within this range the motion is feel by the design and a green light blinks on the gameboard of the box. This is an indication for the moving object. It can sense another motion approximately 10 seconds after the first motion is sensed. For better sensitivity this device whitethorn be used in the electromagnetic interference free environment so that the waves cannot interfere in the produced frequency of the device. excessively it must be operated in the vibration free environment so that its antenna must be in static condition if it is in the vibration itself it will sense the motion when nothing is in moving condition, it is due the motion of its own antenna that the frequency is transmitted and received itself by the moving antenna and the green light on the panel keeps on glowing that is an ope rator fault and can be ascertain by placing the device on a balanced plane surface.A supererogatory care for the Microwave Motion detector is that operate the circuit in the box and never use the PCB alone because this PCB needs special care for the electrostatic charge. An outdoor(a) supply port may be given in the box so that a regulated DC power can also be applied externally to the device. For external power be careful about the polarity of the given DC power.CHAPTER NO 5OPERATION OF MICROWAVE MOTION DETECTOR5.1 works PRINCPAL OF MICROWAVE MOVEMENT DETECTORMicrowave generating and receiving module generates and transmits a microwave signal which is reflected by a moving backside and received back by the module. The module comprises a disc-form Shottky diode or Gunn diode performing as both oscillator and mixer and forming part of micro strip circuitry and signal treat circuitry which processes the reflected signal to extract relevant tail end information. The signal proces sing circuitry can be physically displaced from the module and connected to it by a coaxial line. By operating the diode in the diplex mode the undeniable guide information can be provided for with a compact kink.A microwave movement detector comprising a microwave generating and receiving module for use in generating and transmitting a microwave signal to be intercepted and reflected by a moving target and for receiving the reflected microwave signal from verbalise target, wherein the microwave generating and receiving module comprises micro strip circuitry in combination with a diode acting as both an oscillator and a mixer, utter detector throw out comprising modulating means for modulating the generated microwave signal so that quantitive information as to target range, pep pill and direction can be obtained, whereby the detector operates in concurrence with a diplex configuration, wherein said detector includes a transmitter for transmitting the spiel generated microwa ve signal, and wherein the modulating means repetitively switches the transmitter of the microwave generating and receiving module between two frequencies to provide a signal having two spectral lines disordered by gaps between the frequencies. This construct relates to a microwave movement detector oddly although not exclusively for use as an intruder alarm.An object of the present concept is to provide a microwave movement detector which is sensitive and reliable in operation yet which can be constructed in a simple and inexpensive manner with a conveniently small and compact format.5.2 GENERAL STUDY RELATED TO THE MMDAccording to one reflection of the invention in that respectfore a microwave movement detector comprises a microwave generating and receiving module for use in generating a transmitted microwave signal to be intercepted by a moving target and for receiving a reflected microwave signal from much(prenominal) target, in which the module comprises microstrip circu itry in combination with a Shottky diode arranged to act both as an oscillator and also as a mixer.With this arrangement, great operational sensitivity and reliability can be achieved and yet the module can be constructed in a simple and inexpensive manner as a conveniently small and compact device. In one build the module may be in the form of a thin disc having a thickness of, say 0.5 cm, and a diameter which may be as small as about 3 cm.The said module may be connected to signal processing circuitry responsive to the relationship between the transmitted and reflected signals, for example so as to produce an output whenever target movement is detected, or only so as to produce an output when one or more parameters of such movement (range, velocity, direction) are of a predetermined nature or changes in a predetermined manner. to the highest degree conveniently, said signal processing circuitry may be provided in the form of a signal processing module separate from the aforesai d generating and receiving module, and, in union with one embodiment, the two modules may be up to 100 m away from each other and interconnected by a simple coaxial or twin cable. The signal processing module may be powered by mains supply, or a 12 V d.c. battery or otherwise as appropriate, and such module may also act to supply operating power to the generating and receiving module.The output produced by the signal processing module may be utilise for alarm purposes to actuate a separate remote warning bell or siren or buzzer or the like. Alternatively, if desired, the movement detector of the invention may incorporate an alarm module connected to the said signal processing module and arranged to produce modulated warning tone when actuated by said output. Such alarm module may incorporate a stand-by rechargeable battery.As mentioned above, the detector of the invention may operate in the manner of a simple Doppler detector sensitive only to movement, but preferably the transmi tted microwave signal is modulated so that quantitative information as to range, velocity and direction can be obtained, the detector thereby operating in accordance with a diplex configuration. With such diplex configuration, advantageously the requisite information can be obtained with a particularly simple construction.In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, the diplex, configuration is such that the transmitter is repetitively switched between two frequencies say 3 MHZ apart at X-band to give two separate spectral lines separated by 3 MHZ . The magnitude of such frequency difference may be decreased with increase in the maximum range to be measured (beyond say 25 m). The reflected signal from a moving target results, after mixing in the Shottky diode, in a reflected signal which is a composite of two Doppler signals sampled sequentially at the inflection rate (say 10 kH Z ). The relative phase of these Doppler signals provides range and velocity sense information, whilst the Doppler beat frequency is proportional to the target velocity relative to the detector. The switching of the transmitter between the two frequencies may be achieved by square-wave modulation of the Shottky diode bias current. With such square-wave modulation particularly simple video circuitry may be used, however sinusoidal modulation may alternatively be used and this allows improved range dissolvent without reducing the maximum unambiguous range.With regard to the Shottky diode, this may be a conventional barrier injection transit time device create from a p + np + construction. Alternatively, a specially fabricated ion-implanted device or an electron type Shottky diode may be utilized. period the utilization of a Shottky diode constitutes an essential feature of the first aspect of the present invention, it has been found that the utilization of a Gunn diode (i.e. a permute electron diode) may be advantageous in the context of the present invention in the case wher e microstrip circuitry of diplex configuration (as described above) is also utilized. Thus, and in accordance with a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a microwave movement detector comprising a microwave generating and receiving module for use in generating a transmitted microwave signal to be intercepted by a moving target and for receiving a reflected microwave signal from such target, in which the said module comprises microstrip circuitry in combination with a Gunn diode arranged to act both as an oscillator and as a mixer, said circuitry being of diplex configuration.Whilst it is anticipated that the present invention will find particular application in the context of an intruder alarm such as a burglar alarm, it is to be understood that the invention is not intended to be restricted to this field of application and the detector of the invention may be utilized for detecting movement of persons or vehicles or any other suitable targets in any suitable env ironment for any suitable purpose. When utilized as an intruder alarm the said generating and receiving module, due to its possible small size, can be easily and conveniently concealed. Also multiple such modules may be utilized together to enable a large area to be protected. By fair play of the range gate facility, false alarms can be minimized. In the case where the invention is applied to the monitoring of vehicles, a standard Doppler format may be used. Selective monitoring can be achieved by honor of the direction sense of the detector, and the range gate facility is useful in distinguishing vehicles in a cluttered environment. In the case where the invention is applied to the counting of persons entering or leaving an enclosure, due to the direction sense of the detector it is possible to distinguish between persons entering and leaving.Due to the use of the Shottky diode in diplex mode in microstrip circuitry, and having regard to the fact that the diode acts both as osci llator and mixer, a particularly simple, inexpensive and compact construction results.It is of course to be understood that the invention is not intended to be restricted to the details of the above embodiment which are described by way of example only.5.3 THE MMD HOW OUR DESIGN WORKS3.2.1 All the RF magical is accomplished with Q3 and D1. Q3 is a free running microwave oscillator operating at a frequency of approximately 1.0 GHz. The frequency is determined by the aloofness of the etched strip line and the lead lengths (inductance) of the associated oscillator components.3.2.2 The microwave RF energy that is developed by the oscillator is radiated in an omni-directional pattern from the antenna. This radiated energy will fill the surrounding area with radio waves. These waves will be reflected back toward the antenna.3.2.3 Heres where the Doppler Effect comes in. If within that area there is an object that is moving, the waves that are reflected will either be higher in frequency if the object is moving closer or lower if moving away. The MD3 doesnt really care which direction it is only looking for a frequency difference.3.2.4 The radiated signal and the redirected signal are sundry(a) at diode D1. The difference in the two frequencies provides the input to U1 C pin 10. This frequency (the difference) is in the range of 10 Hz to 40 Hz. U1 C is the amplifier that feeds the sensitivity potentiometer R8.3.2.5 Transistors Q1 and Q2 function as a very precise voltage regulator providing the proper bias to the amplifiers.3.2.6 U1 D functions as a band pass filter and amplifier. Buffer amplifier U1 A provides the drive to output transistor Q4.CHAPTER 6 INTERFACING TECHNIQUESIf we want to extend this project at higher level we are required to interface the MMD circuit output with the extended circuitry with the help of following circuit diagrams.(THESE TECHENQUES HAS NOT BEEN USED IN OUR PROJECT)6.1 INTERFACING CIRCUITSThe MD-3 output transistor provides a pulse when motion is sensed. Here a probably asked question is, How do I make it do something? We can interface this circuit with many other circuits a few examples are given below.6.1.1 Interfacing with the relay can drive another circuit it may be a light, a camera, an alarm system etc.6.1.2 The microwave motion detector circuit can be interfaced with a transistor (PNP or NPN).This transistor act as a relay it can also drive some other circuits it could be a light or any security system or an automatic door opening system.7.1 CONCLUSION