Wednesday, November 27, 2019

E-Commerce Essays (2720 words) - E-commerce, CommerceNet, Internet

E-Commerce Table of Contents I. E-Commerce: An Introduction II. History of E-Commerce III. Economic Impact IV. Advantages of E-Commerce V. Disadvantages of E-Commerce VI. The Future of E-Commerce E-Commerce ?V An Introduction With the astonishing growth of the Internet, many companies are finding new and exciting ways to expand upon their business opportunities. There are very few successful companies that do not use computers in their everyday business activities, which also means there are few companies that do not use e-commerce. To emphasise the point that the effect of the Internet is so widespread in todays business communities, one online article stated that more than 100000 companies have Internet addresses, and 20000 companies have home pages on the Internet as of February 1999. (DataQuest, 1999). These numbers have more than tripled since 1995, and the trend shows no signs of slowing. But what exactly is e-commerce? To most casual Internet surfers, e-commerce means online shopping ?V workaholics pointing their web browser to Amazon.com to order an emergency present because they forgot someones birthday again. (Weiss, 1999) As we will soon find out, this is far from the case. Simply put, e-commerce is the exchange of business information between two or more organizations. An example of this would be buying and selling products or services over the Internet. E-commerce became very popular soon after it proved to be an efficient means to conduct long distance transactions. The purpose of this report is to discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages of e-commerce, as well as examining its potential for the future of business. Electronic commerce, or e-commerce has developed very rapidly in the last few years and has left some people wondering what it is all about. "Most people think e-commerce is just about buying and selling things over the Internet." (Wareham, 2000) E-commerce is a broad term describing the electronic exchange of business data between two or more organizations' computers. Some examples might be the electronic filing of your income tax return, on-line services like Prodigy, and on-line billing for services or products received. E-commerce also includes buying and selling any item over the Internet, electronic fund transfer, smart cards, and all other methods of conducting business over digital networks. The primary technological goal of e-commerce is to integrate businesses, government agencies, and contractors into a single community with the ability to communicate with one another across any computer platform.(Edwards, 1998) History of E-commerce Electronic commerce was built on a foundation that was started more than 125 years ago with Western Union's money transfer as an example of telegraph technology. In the early 1900s the advent of credit cards as a payment system revolutionised the process of automated commerce functions. In the mid 1980s the introduction of the ATM card was the latest improvement to electronic commerce. The Internet was conceived in 1969 when the Department of Defence began funding the research of computer networking. The Internet, as a means for commerce, did not become reality until the 1990s. Before this time, it was mainly a tool for the army, and a research device for some American universities. Its popularity grew when it proved to become a fast and efficient means to conduct long distance transactions, as well as an effective way to distribute information. Economic Impact Clearly, E-commerce will change the face of business forever. Companies that are thousands of miles away can complete business transactions in a matter of seconds as well as exchange information. As one online article explained: Dell Computers sells more than $14 million worth of computer equipment a day from its web-site. By taking their customer service department to the web Federal Express began saving $10,000 a day. The Internet provides businesses with the opportunity to sell their products to millions of people, 24 hours a day. (Baxton, 1999) Figure #1 shows the amount of revenues generated by the on the Internet dating back to 1996 as well as estimating possible revenues through the year 2002. With 1998, revenue equalling almost 74 billion dollars and experts predicting that it will climb to as much as 1,234 billion dollars by the year 2002, anyone can see that e-commerce is the wave of the future. Figure #1- Internet generated revenues in US dollars. Source: NUA Internet Surveys "Without a doubt, the Internet is ushering in an

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Advantages Disadvantages of Erp (Enterprise Resource Planning) Systems Essays

Advantages Disadvantages of Erp (Enterprise Resource Planning) Systems Essays Advantages Disadvantages of Erp (Enterprise Resource Planning) Systems Paper Advantages Disadvantages of Erp (Enterprise Resource Planning) Systems Paper Let’s discuss the advantages and disadvantages of implementing an ERP system. Advantages Disadvantages of ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) SystemsIn order to understand computer networks better, it would be helpful to have an overview of the applications running on the network. ERP, or Enterprise Resource Planning is an important enterprise application that integrates all the individual departments/ functions in a single software application.ERP Systems make it easier to track the work-flow across various departments and reduce the operational costs involved in manually tracking, and perhaps duplicating data using individual disparate systems. In this article, let us have a look at the advantages and dis-advantages of implementing ERP (Enterprise Resource Management) Systems.Advantages of ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) System:1. Complete visibility into all the important processes across various departments of an organization (especially for sen ior management personnel).2. Automatic and coherent work-flow from one department / function to another to ensure smooth transition/ completion of processes.3. A unified and single reporting system to analyze the statistics/ numbers/ status etc in real-time, across all the functions / departments.4. Since same software is used across all departments – this can avoid individual departments having to buy and maintain their own software systems.5. Certain ERP vendors can extend their ERP systems to provide Business Intelligence functionalities as well.6. Advanced e-commerce integration is possible with ERP systems that can handle web-based order tracking/ processing.7. There are various modules in an ERP system like Finance/ Accounts, Human Resource Management, Manufacturing, Marketing / Sales, Supply Chain / Warehouse Management, CRM, Project Management, etc.8. Since ERP is a modular software system, its possible to implement either a few modules (or) many modules based on the

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Finance and Investment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Finance and Investment - Research Paper Example 9 331,434.00 12% 10 371,207.00 12% 11 415,752.00 12% 12 465,642.00 12% 13 652,519.00 12% 14 584,101.00 12% 15 654,193.00 12% 16 732,696.00 12% 17 820,620.00 12% 18 919,094.00 12% ii) The present value amount of option B 125,000.00 x 7.22497 = 906,212.50 iii) The equivalent rate of return 906,212.50 - 900,000.00 = 6,212.50 f. i) Cash flow diagram if Mr. Gordon accepts Option C. (principal + interest) No. of periods payments %rate 1 122,100.00 11% 2 135,531.00 11% 3 150,439.00 11% 4 166,987.00 11% 5 185,355.00 11% 6 207,598.00 12% 7 232,510.00 12% 8 260,411.00 12% 9 291,660.00 12% 10 326,659.00 12% 11 365,858.00 12% 12 409,761.00 12% 13 458,932.00 12% 14 514,004.00 12% 15 575,684.00 12% 16 644,766.00 12% 17 722,138.00 12% 18 808,795.00 12% ii) The present value of option C 110,000.00 X 7.2497 = 797,467.00 iii) The equivalent rate of Gordon from option C 900,000.00 - 797,467.00 = 102,533.00 g. I have to choose option B because for Mr. Gordon because as the graph or diagram clearly states that Mr. Gordon would be receiving more that option A or C. h. i) Cash Flow Diagram if Gordon accepts option C no. of payments payments %rate 1 122,100.00 11% 2 135,531.00 11% 3 150,439.00 11% 4 168,492.00 11% 5 687,026.00 ii) Present value of option C 110,000.00 X 3.1024 = 341,264.00 j. i) If I were asked by Mr. Gordon my opinion on what option would I advice him, My recommendation would be...He can spend his money in a more relaxed manner because it would be more that what he'll be needing. It is just like saying that he had his money invested wisely through his contributions during the 35 years that he spent working. Outlay should be ignored. The initial capital or investment for the machine is, $150,000.00. I assumed that the company has enough resources ot cover for this. After tax annual cost of continuing to buy the self sealing container. b. i) Based on the information, presented, system B should kylie recommend for purchase by company. This system has a scrap value/ salvage value at the end of useful life. The system will still be valued in the end. Besides, this system has a lower cost of operation, and repair and maintenance, which means lower expenses for the company that will result to higher income revenue ii) Since the company is all equity financed, it very possible to accept both quality control systems. Acquiring both systems is costly, but the gains that will be incurred by the manufacturing company will definitely give back the costs of acquiring the two systems. It will also not be a problem to accept both because dividends paid to shareholders are at a lower rate per share.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Basic Rules of Offer, Acceptance, and Invitation to Treat Assignment

Basic Rules of Offer, Acceptance, and Invitation to Treat - Assignment Example Owing to a massive order from the British School of Motoring, Vauxhall Motors had exhausted its supply of Vectras. Nevertheless, the Sales Manager e-mailed Peter on October 8th in the following terms: "I am delighted to accept your order. You can collect your Vectra, as specified, in the week commencing November 6th. Please go to your nearest Vauxhall showroom. Is this arrangement acceptable to you?† Peter immediately posted a letter to the Sales Manager which stated: â€Å"Great. I look forward to taking delivery in the very near future†. However, later that afternoon, Peter decided that he must have a new car immediately. He, therefore, telephoned the Sales Manager in order to cancel his order. The Sales Manager had already gone home so Peter left a recorded message on an answering machine which the Manager listened to the following morning. By this time Peter’s acceptance letter had arrived but remained unopened on the Sales Manager’s desk.The question t o be decided in the light of the facts of the case and the principles of contract law is that Is there a binding agreement between the two parties? This question pertains to the basic tenets of the contract law i.e. Offer, Acceptance and the acceptance of the offer, revocation of the offer and the modes of acceptance etc. In simple terms â€Å"An agreement enforceable by law is a contract† and â€Å"Every promise and every set of promises forming the consideration for each other is an agreement† In an agreement there is promise from both the sides and if we talk about ‘Promise’, it can be defined as â€Å"When the person to whom the proposal is made signifies his assent thereto, the proposal is said to be accepted. A proposal, when accepted, becomes a promise† Thus when there is a proposal from one side and the acceptance of that proposal by the other side, it results in a promise. This promise from the two parties to one another is known as an agre ement. Also, all agreements are contracts if they are made by the free consent of parties competent to contract, for a lawful consideration and with a lawful object and are not hereby expressly declared to be void.

Sunday, November 17, 2019

METR Homework 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

METR Homework 2 - Assignment Example Precipitation can fall as rain, hail, snow or sleet. Once precipitation reaches the group, it forms surface water which often ends up in springs, lakes, rivers, ocean, sea and even underground water. Low, thick clouds reflect solar radiation thus cool the surface of the Earth. High, thin clouds transmit incoming solar radiation. They also entrap some of the outgoing infrared radiation released by the Earth and emit it back downward (Hobbs 67). This warms the earth surface. Ocean, sea and lake surfaces and rain forests have low albedos; they reflect only a small percentage of the suns energy. Deserts, ice, and clouds, however, have high albedos; they reflect a large percentage of the suns energy. Low or high albedo may result into either high or low temperature in an area. The greenhouse effect often produced by greenhouse gases is also brought about by clouds which absorb long wavelength (infrared) radiation from the surface of the earth radiating some of it back down. Additionally the re-radiation of infrared radiation from the Earths surface may simply reflect it back to the surface. This essentially is the electromagnetic radiation of the earth surface which affects the local temperature of an area. Cloud greenhouse forcing effect can cause temperatures of an area to increase. Its negative causes the opposite. Aerosol serve as nuclei for cloud formation, the diagram above shows basic outlook of the processes involved in the production, growth, and eventual removal of atmospheric aerosol particles. Aerosols act as Cloud Condensation Nuclei, cloud droplets are formed through this nucleus. Aerosols also affect the quality of clouds. Studies have shown that high amounts of aerosols in the clouds will cause more than normal droplets in the clouds. Regions in North and South America have high citrus clouds. Reflection, absorption and transmission of cirrus clouds layers in the near infrared wavelength and the visible have been reported by a number of

Friday, November 15, 2019

Specialist sub-subcontractor

Specialist sub-subcontractor 1.0 Introduction In construction practice, not only project manager, Architect, Quantity Surveyor, contractor carrying the important role, specialist sub-subcontractor also carrying the important role in order to success the construction project. A sub contractor is a person or a company hired by a general contractor to perform part of the work of a construction job. For example, a contractor might be building a house, but might hire a firm or a person specializing in electrical engineering to install the electrical systems needed in the house. Generally the subcontractor will either relieve the main contractor of part of the building work, or will be able to perform work at lower expense or at a greater skill level than the general contractor could. (Tricia Ellis- Christensen 2003-2009) http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-subcontractor.htm Normally sub-contractor carry out the works like electrical, heating and cooling devices (HVAC), plumbing, plastering, brickwork and roofing. There are 3 different kind of sub-contractor in construction practice and they are: Nominated sub-contractor Domestic sub-contractor Named sub-contractor Nominated sub-contractor Is a person nominated by the Architect or Contract Administrator to the contractor in order to carry out the sub-contract work and there was a direct contractual relationship between the clients and the subcontractor. Other than that, contractor has the right to make reasonable objection on the selected sub-contractor by the Architect. Domestic sub-contractor Is a person who has direct contractual relationship with the main contractor. All the sub-contract work done by the employed sub-contractor has to be responsible by the main contractor. For example, if there is any sub-contract work done badly and cause the delay of the project then the main contractor have to responsible for it. Named sub-contractor Is similar to the domestic sub-contractor, but named sub-contractor often use in Intermediate Building Contract (IC) and Intermediate Building Contract with contractors design (ICD). The idea is to provide the employer with means of ensuring that particular parcels of work are carried out by sub-contractors of the employers choice. (Chappell D, 2007, pg 38). 2.0 Review the method of appointing a specialist sub-contractor A nominated sub-contractor is often appointed after the main contractor has started work, so one of the client benefits is that specialist design can continue after work has commenced on site. A prime cost sum is included within the main contractors tender document (a bill of quantities or specification of work). On top of this the main contractor is required to price overheads, profit and any items of attendance it has to provide, such as the use of site facilities, provision of a secure storage area etc. The value of the prime cost sum is omitted from the Bill of Quantities and replaced by the nominated subcontractors accepted quotation and the main contractors on costs are adjusted as appropriate. (Electrical Mechanical Contractor magazine 2005) There are some reasons for nomination of sub-contractor: The employer will have his freedom to choose a sub-contractor that he wishes to use and is not based on price. The employer can take control of the timing involvement and appointment of sub-contractor to meet his requirement. The employer has the chance to make comparison which sub-contractor is better and suitable for the particular sub-contract work. Time is saved by introducing formal links between the sub-contractor and the consulting engineer, architect, QS. Hence, there are no long chains of correspondence and quick action on price, design, programme, variations etc. is established. In a project there will be some specialist works which only can done by the specialist team like sub-contractor. The nominated sub-contractor can be involved early and so his design expertise and his knowledge of the contract and co-ordination of services can be utilized. 2.1 Procedure of nomination The standard form of nominated sub-contract tender 1998 Edition (NSC/T) which comprises in 3 parts. Part 1: Invitation to tender to a subcontractor by the Architects/The contract administrator During the part 1, the invitation to tender to a subcontractor (NSC/T) of a standard form of tender will be completed by the Architect. Other than that, the relevant section of the employer/ nominated sub contractor agreement, (NSC/W), and both documents, together with the drawing/specification/bill of quantities which describe the work will be completed and sent by the Architect to those companies the employer who wishes to invite to tender. Part 2: Tender by the Subcontractor During this part, those subcontractors who are interesting in this tender will complete the standard form of tender and the relevant sections of the warranty, (NSC/W) and return both documents to the Architect. After the Architect had received both documents, one of the sub contractors will be selected by the Architect and will arrange to the employer to sign and confirm of the approval of the sub contractors tender and to execute the warranty, (NSC/W). Then, the Architect nominates the selected sub contractor to the main contractor by using the standard nomination instruction, (NSC/N). Other than that, a copy of the invitation of tender and the successful sub contractors tender with all the documents and details in part 1 will be sent by the Architect to the contractor under clause 35.6. Once the contractor gets receipt of those documents, within 7 days, he may either accept or he may exercise his right of reasonable objection to the selected tender. If the contractor made a reasona ble objection in writing to the architect within the 7 working days, under clause 35.5 Architect may either issue further instruction to remove the objection so that the contractor can comply or accept the objection and nominate another sub contractor. Part 3: Particular Conditions (To be agree by the contractor and the subcontractor nominated under clause 35.5) Under the ‘Particular Condition set out in this part of (NSC/T), these include sub-contract period, insurance details, and the identity of the adjudicator and trustee stake-holder. Once reached the arrangement on Particular Condition, the contractor and sub contractor sign (NSC/T) part 3 and execute the sub-contract articles of agreement, (NSC/A), which together with reference the sub-contract conditions (NSC/C). After both of them had signed (NSC/T) part 3, a copy of signed (NSC/T) part 3 together with the executed sub-contract articles of agreement, (NSC/A) will be sent to the Architect for his records. 3.0 Review the method of appointing a specialist sub-contractor Post JCT 2005 JCT 2005 is a new improved version to replace the JCT 1998 because there are many of the problems that arose on- site and in practice still failed to resolve despite of its length and complexity of JCT 1998. (James Davison 2005 pg13). In sub contract, there are also many problems arise between main and sub-contractor because a project is not ready for a sub-contractor to commence work on the date anticipated and then sub-contractor may say that he wants more money because of the commencement of sub-contract was delayed. (Chappell D, 2007, pg 37) Hence, in the new version of JCT 2005 there is no more nomination of sub-contractor, only kind of sub-contractor which is domestic sub-contractor. Since nomination has been removed, some new clauses regarding to the sub-contracting in JCT 2005 is shown as below: Clause 3.7 in JCT 2005 consent to sub-contracting The Contractor shall not without the consent of the Architect/ Contract Administrator sub contract the whole part of work or any part of the work to the sub-contractor and such consent shall not be unreasonable delayed or withheld the project. During contractor design proportion, contractor shall not without the consent of the employer sub-contract the design to the sub-contractor and is similar to the previous, such consent shall not be unreasonable delayed or withheld the project. Clause 3.8 in JCT 2005 List in Contract bills The Contract Bills provide that certain work measured or otherwise described in those Bills and priced by the Contractor is to be carried out by persons named in a list in or annexed to the Contract Bills and selected from that list by and at the sole discretion of the Contractor. Not less than 3 person the list shall comprise, additional persons to the list can be add by the contractor at any time prior to the execution of a binding sub-contract and with the consent of the employer or (Architect/ Contract Administrator act on his behalf ) which shall not be unreasonably delayed or withheld the project. If at any time prior to the execution of binding sub-contract the list stills less than three person, then the employer and contractor shall agreement add the names of the others person to make it not less than three person in the list. Other than that, the work shall be carried out by the contractor and the person selected from the list by the contractor will be the sub-contractor an d carry out the sub-contract work. If at any time before the contractor has entered into a building sub-contract the number of firms able and willing to carry out the work falls below: The employer and the contractor must agree on the addition of more firms so that the list comprises at least three. Contractor can carry out the work itself; however, contractor also can sub-let the work to any sub-contractor of its choice provided the architect gives consent. . (Chappell D, 2007, pg 37) 4.0 Review the method of appointing a specialist subcontractor NEC 3 ECC 2005 Normally NEC 3 was used in the government project. Under this standard form of contract, Project Manager plays a very important role in sub-contracting. He is the one who accept and reject the sub-contract with reasonable reason stated in this contract, not like other form of contract like JCT 05. In this standard form of contracts, the rules for the contractor to appoint sub-contractor to carry out sub-contract work were strict and details. Clause 26.1 Contractor have to responsible for all his work and if he sub-contract work then he have to responsible for all the sub contract work also. Clause 26.2 The contractor submits the name of each proposed sub-contractor to the Project Manager for acceptance. The contractor only can appoint sub-contractor to carry out sub-contract work for him when the Project Manager had accepted the proposed sub-contractor. Clause 26.3 The contractor submits the proposed conditions of contract for each sub-contract to the project manager for acceptance unless An NEC contract is proposed The Project Manager has agreed that no submission is required Clause 26.4 In this clause, there are two reasons stated that the Project Manager can use to reject the sub-contract condition; Sub-contract condition which not allow the contractor to provide the works Sub-contract condition does not include a statement that the parties to the subcontract should act in a spirit of mutual trust and co-operation. Project manager only can reject the sub-contract condition with these two reasons, if project manager was rejected the contractor not within these two reasons and in the end the contractor cant finish the work or delayed the project then contractor was entitled for compensation. 5.0 Reasons behind why nomination has been stopped Nomination of sub-contractor has been stopped after JCT 1998 because of many reasons, there are: Problems between main and sub-contractors arise because a project is not ready for a sub-contractor to commence work on the date anticipated. If the commencement of the sub-contract delayed, the sub contractor may say that it wants more money, or even that it cannot, at a later date, fit the work into its programme. (Chappell D, 2007, pg 37). Due to the late commencement of the sub-contract, sub-contractor may want more money because of his labours who are waiting for him to start the work in the project, so there will be an argument. Lack of management of the progress of the sub-contractor work on site because of the main contractor is not responsible for delay by nominated sub-contractors. Confuses lines of communication and management because the sub-contractor will be answerable to the architect, main contractors and others on same issue. Contractor may have no right to choose who carries out that part of the works. Unless there are very clear grounds, otherwise most main contractors are reluctant to try to exercise their right of reasonable objection. Contractor being forced to employ the sub-contractor on the basis of a standard form of contract, in this situation, contractor is unable to impose his own terms and conditions which may be more useful for them during the work on site. Nominated sub-contractor can be difficult to manage and control because of their direct links with the professional team and the division of contractual responsibility for their performance, which is owed to the employer in respect of design and progress and to the main contractor in respect of quantity of work and materials. Employer need to take full responsible on sub-contractor, if any work cant finish by the sub-contractor and cause delay to the project, the contractor entitle to claim for extension of time. Employer has no right against the main contractor in the event of defective design by the sub-contractor. (Jennie Price 1994 pg40-41) 6.0 conclusions As a conclusion, after review JCT 1998, JCT2005 and NEC 3 ECC 2005 standard form of contracts I think that the standard form of contract need to be amended, merged and improved time by time to reduce conflicts and problems which may arise in the construction practice. From this assignment, we can know that in JCT 1998 sub-contractor was used and when come to JCT 2005 and NEC 3 EEC 2005 nominated sub-contractor had omitted due to many problems and conflicts which happen in between the contractor, sub-contractor and also client, so they are more focus on domestic sub-contractor in the latest version of JCT. In my opinion, I think that nominated sub-contractor and domestic sub-contractor both of them also had their own advantages and disadvantages. Because of the nominated sub-contractor had direct contractual relationship with the employer so employer have to responsible on sub-contract work and contractor gain benefit when the sub-contractor cant finish the work and cause delayed, he can claim for extension of time and the employer will suffer loss in this kind of situation. For the contractor, he is being force to employ the sub contractor and he is unable to impose his own terms and conditions which may be more useful for them during the work on site and many other reasons. Therefore, when come to the JCT 2005, nominated sub-contractor had omitted and domestic sub-contractor was use in this standard form of contract. By using the domestic sub-contractor, I think that the conflict had reduced because the sub-contractor was direct deal with contractor, so the management level was incre ase, the contractor fully responsible of sub-contract work and he is able to impose his own terms and conditions which are helpful and improve the quality of construction. Other than that, the procedure in appointing domestic sub-contractor under JCT 2005 was showing clear, simple and easy to understand because the contractor fully responsible in all the employment of sub-contractor compare to the JCT 1998 the procedure in appointing nominated sub-contractor is more complex. 7.0 References Barnes, P., 2008. JCT 05 06 Contracts. [pdf] 25 January. Available at: http://www.arbitrate.org.uk/speakers_papers/Peter%20Barnes%20JCT%202005%20%20CIArb%2023-01-08.pdf [Last accessed on 26 July 2009] Brian, E. Rawling Associates, 2003. Nominated or Names? [pdf] 27 September. Available at: http://www.brianerawling.com/PDF/Jun%2001%20~%20Nominated%20or%20Named.pdf [Last accessed on 26 July 2009] CCL Department, 2005. What Sort of Subbie Are You? [pdf] March. Available at: http://www.eca.co.uk/IndustryGuidance/CCandL/Download/WhatSortOfSubbieRU.pdf [Last accessed on 23 July 2009] Chappell, D. (2007). Understanding JCT Standard Building Contracts. 8th Edi. Taylor Francis. London New York. Davison, J. (2005). JCT 2005 Whats New? RICS Books. Karnick, M., 2009. Nominating the best project subcontractors. [Online] 12 July. Available at: http://cmguide.org/archives/1357 [Last accessed on 23 July 2009] Brand, D., 2009. Contract nominations. [Online] 5 January. Available at: http://cmguide.org/archives/315 [Last accessed on 23 July 2009] Murdoch, J. Hughes, W. (2009). Construction Contracts: Law and Management. Taylor Francis. London New York. OFFICE OF GOVERNMENT COMMERCE (2005). NEC3 Engineering and Construction Contract: Option B: Priced Contract with Bill of Quantities. 3rd ed., Great Britain, Bell Bain Limited. Price, J. (1994). Sub-Contracting under the JCT Standard Form of Building Contract. Macmillan. RICS, 2005. A comprehensive guide to help you move from JCT 98 to JCT 05. [pdf] 3 May. Available at: http://www.ricsbooks.com/downloads/CONTRACT%20FINDER.pdf [Last accessed on 26 July 2009] Ryland, J., 2004. Nominated Sub-contractors- Whats in name? [pdf] 2 January. Available at: http://pprn.crippslaw.com/index2.php?option=com_contentdo_pdf=1id=63 [Last accessed on 23 July 2009]

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

A Comparative Study on High School Students Between the United States and China Essay

With the development of global economy, the competition in education is becoming an important part of the international competitions. Students all over the world are competing with not only the students in their country but the students in the world. To some degrees, the future competitiveness of a country relies on how great their students are. As for students, their high school time is the critical period in their life, when they form their outlook on life and find out what they want to do in the future. High school students in both the United States and China have huge differences in their school life. First, curriculum. Students in American high school are required to take Science, Mathematics, English, Social sciences, Physical education and other electives such as Computers, Foreign language etc. Nearly 40 percent of U.S. high school students do not take any science class more challenging than general biology. And 55 percent of students do not take any math courses beyond two y ears of algebra and one year of geometry. While in China, the academic curriculum consists of Chinese, Mathematics, English, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Geography, History, etc. The requirement to Chinese students in Mathematics & Science is considered to be quite high. Second, time on studying. According to the research conveyed by BPP production team, American students spend 302,400 minutes in school during their high school time for 4 years while Chinese students spend 583,200 minutes. If adding that to the time spent doing homework and studying after school, by the end of the high school, Chinese students have spent twice as many hours studying as American students. But even though Chinese students spend more time studying, it seems that their homework can never be finished. Thus, Chinese students try their best to enhance their learning efficiency in order to squeeze more time. However, it doesn’t mean that American children don’t work hard. The core of the difference is the distribution of time. American students devote their time to playing sports, doing part-time jobs, and even dating with others, which make them energetic and social. From this aspect, the education system of American high school is more flexible than Chinese since it encourages student s to develop comprehensively and get close to the society. Third, expectation of  parents. In China, parents think highly of the education for their children. They tend to choose roads for their children to follow and make critical decisions for them, like which college to enter, or which major to learn. Especially for the top students, parents usually pay for several kinds of lessons as part of their investment in their education in order to open up a lead in the competition for their children. But American parents seem more relaxed. The percentage of parents who think their child’s high school is teaching the right amount of Math and Science is 70%. American parents have ideas about the future of their children but seldom make decisions for them. So Chinese students face with more pressure from parents. Different education styles result in different students. American students score highly in one area relative to their international peers: self-confidence. They worship freedom and balance work and relaxation well, leading them be optimistic about the future. On the contrary, Chinese students in high school own much academic knowledge so that they do better in examinations. But it cannot make a conclusion hastily that whether high school in both China and U.S,A is good or not because the education system is based on the economic situation of China and America. To make an end, to improve the competitiveness of a country, it is necessary to compare the education system to that in other countries, find out advantages and disadvantages and make some changes to cultivate talents. References: Net 1 BPP production team. ä ¸ ¤Ã§â„¢ ¾Ã¤ ¸â€¡Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã©â€™Å¸Ã¨â‚¬Æ'Ã¥ ¯Å¸Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã§ ¾Å½Ã¥  °Ã¦â€¢â„¢Ã¨â€š ²Ã¥ · ®Ã¥ ¼â€š. [DB/OL] http://video.sina.com.cn/v/b/83732476-2036021381.html, 2012-08-17 Net 2 Wikipedia. Education in the People’s Republic of China. [EB/OL] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_People’s_Republic_of_China#Secondary_education, 2013-06-13 Net 3 Wikipedia. Education in the United States. [EB/OL] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States#Secondary_education, 2013-06-13

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Elementary education effectiveness in Mississippi Essay

Mississippi consists of four-hundred and eighty-six thousand people living in poverty; ten percent of children belong to families that are not able to meet their needs (2005). Recent statistics show that those living in poverty are fifty-one percent African American and approximately forty-seven percent Caucasian (2005). Research has shown that the socioeconomic status of students influence the degree of success they will experience. (Donahue &Grigg, 2003) Mississippi has varying degrees of reading proficiency among school districts. In the 2003-2004 school year, six districts, consisting of one elementary school, five middle schools and one high school, were identified as â€Å"in need for improvement†, based on the reading and math proficiency of its students. For the purpose of this study, only schools reflecting a lack in reading proficiency will be discussed. The U. S. Secretary of Education, Margaret Spelling announced in a November 2005 press release, â€Å"Eighty percent of the fastest-growing jobs require at least some post secondary education. Yet far too many students are leaving high school unprepared for college†. Improved student achievement can provide students better preparation for college, thus closing the achievement gap. Low socioeconomic schools, although improving, are still behind the majority of middle-to-upper class schools in America (Donahue & Grigg, 2003). There are several factors to consider when looking at closing the achievement gap found in low socioeconomic schools. One factor is that â€Å"young, low-income and minority children are more likely to start school without having gained important school readiness skills, such as recognizing letters and counting† (2003). As Donahue and Grigg’s report showed, when students start school already behind others, they are likely to continue such patterns if not addressed early on. Existing studies demonstrate the problems researchers are having addressing literacy issues early on in a students academic career. Researches are trying to find appropriate strategies to combat the achievement gap with many variables which will be discussed further in detail, in the following study. Purpose of the Study The following is a detailed investigation into possible explanations of varying degrees of reading achievement found in Mississippi and what can be done to maintain a higher overall proficiency in reading among Mississippi students, while satisfying the requirements of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. Many schools have chosen to implement a â€Å"school-wide approach† to closing the achievement gap; however, when dealing with schools consisting primarily of low-income students, there are other factors to consider when choosing a strategy. The proposed study will focus on improving reading skills in high-poverty schools found in Mississippi by comparing different techniques widely used and creating a more targeted strategy for low-income students. When deciding on an appropriate strategy for improving reading comprehension there are a few factors one must consider. The following questions will outline the factors to be researched in this study. Research Questions 1. What impact does social economic status have on the achievement gaps found in the State of Mississippi? 2. What are the contributing factors found in Mississippi schools that are demonstrating low reading scores among economically disadvantaged students? 3. Are there high-poverty schools in Mississippi which demonstrate positive improvements in reading scores? What are the strategies used? 4. How does implementing Theory into Practice (TIP) encourage positive student achievement in disadvantaged schools? Hypothesis To affectively close low socioeconomic achievement gaps in reading, strong emphasis on establishing proficient reading ability should be made in elementary school. Nature of the Study The research conducted in this study will be an investigation of existing literature regarding techniques used in improving reading skills, exemplary schools demonstrating such techniques and finally, a suggested strategy to use when applying research to low socioeconomic schools with low reading proficiency found in Mississippi school districts. Significance of the Study The significance of this study is that by identifying factors contributing to the achievement gap found in low socioeconomic school districts, as well as investigating into existing programs that have had a positive influence on reading performance scores in other high-poverty schools is that, school administrators and policy makers will have a better basis in which to improve upon existing programs and interventions that would be more financially attainable than starting new programs. The high cost of starting new programs such as; creating new assessment strategies, providing more staff and researchers as well as other costly planning and implementing variables, often times are not practical for low-economic schools. While children of today are growing up in a world where data are being revealed at an alarming rate and knowledge is simply a click away, reading plays an increasingly crucial role in society (Topping & Paul, 1999). The ability to read is not only fundamental for understanding and mastery of every school subject students will encounter, but literacy also plays a critical and crucial role in students’ social and economic lives (Snow, Bums, & Griffin, 1998). As a result, no other factor will have a greater impact on the success of students in Mississippi than their ability to read. With such an emphasis placed on the importance of reading achievement, educational leaders must clearly articulate the expectation that all students can become successful readers, while providing the most effective strategies and opportunities for students to succeed in reading and adopt lifelong reading practices. (Okpala, et al. , 2001) Definitions of Terms Action Team for Partnership- This partnership is also known as a School Improvement Team or a School Council. Although the ATP members oversee the school’s partnership program, other teachers, parents, students, administrators, and community members also may lead family and community involvement activities (ATP website). Adequate Yearly Progress- AYP requires that schools hold the same high standards for all their students; regardless of racial or ethnic background, socioeconomic status and English proficiency Core Academic Subjects- These subjects include: English, language arts and reading, arts, civics, government and history, mathematics and science, foreign languages, as well as, economics and geography. Elementary School- a nonprofit institution which includes, public school, day or residential school and elementary charter schools which State law mandated elementary education. Family Literacy Services – The services provided to participants on a voluntary basis that foster a positive change in families. These changes include, providing families with interactive activities between parents and child concerning literacy, teaching parents to take an active role in their children’s education, teaching self-sufficiency by providing parental literacy training, and providing education to children which is age-appropriate and prepares them for school and life experiences. Highly Qualified (in reference to public elementary or secondary school teacher) – A highly qualified teacher will possess a State certification for teaching or holds a license to teach in a particular state due to passing the State exam and is employed in a teaching position after meeting all required testing, training and educational requirements satisfactory to the State, district and school regulations. Mentoring- A responsible elder who provides positive leadership and guidance to a child as a positive role model in that child’s life. A mentor mission is to help a child to one day become a responsible adult. Minority- a group of students which do not demonstrate the majority’s characteristics, such as socioeconomic status, ethnic background or other key characteristics. Other Staff- staff found within an institution such as personnel, guidance counselors, and administration and teachers aides. Limitations In her 2005 press release Secretary Spelling said, â€Å"we all hear a lot of stories about why schools are missing Adequate Yearly Progress, but we don’t hear much about how thousands of other schools are making it and closing the achievement gap†. This study is limited by location; its main concentration being primarily on Mississippi schools, programs and outcomes. The primary research method is investigating existing literature, as such; there is substantial literature on the failures of many schools trying to improve student achievement; however there is very little literature depicting success. One other limitation to consider is that this study focuses on reading proficiency; however; to get the most accurate depiction of a schools success is to consider all core academic subjects.

Friday, November 8, 2019

buy custom Students Assessment Process essay

buy custom Students Assessment Process essay Student assessment is a fundamental link between effective learning and teaching. Student assessment is a measurement instrument of student outcomes. The assessment process can be more than an evaluation that leads to a grade in a course or on an assignment. It should however be noted that student evaluation is the end result of successful learning and teaching assessment. Two educational entities web sites that describe their student assessment process The two websites visited include; The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) and Instructional Assessment Resources (IAR). The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) is the biggest national representative and continuing assessment of what Americas students know and perform in various subject areas. NAEP conducts assessment periodically in Mathematics, Reading, Science, Writing, Arts, Civics, Economics, Geography and U.S History (NAEP, 2011). NAEP assessments are carried out uniformly using the same sets of test booklets across the country. NAEP assessment results are used to serve a common metric for all states and selected urban districts (NAEP, 2011). NAEP assesses students based on the subject on the matter achievement, instructional experiences. The assessment results of NAEP are dependent on representative samples of students at grades 4, 8 and 12 for the main assessments (Beatty, 1994). NAEP also uses samples of students at ages 9, 13, or 17 years for the long-term trend assessments. The ages and grades are considered because they represent important stages in students academic achievement (NAEP, 2011). NAEP conducts both national and state assessments. The national assessments cover a broad range of subjects such as Reading, Mathematics, Science, Writing, Arts, Civics, Economics, Geography, and U.S History. NAEP (2011) indicated that these assessments follow the frameworks developed by the National Assessment Governing Board. For national assessments, students in public and private schools are assessed but at state level, NAEP conducts assessment in public schools only. According to Instructional Assessment Resources (IAR) students assessment involves data collection from accepted analysis methods in order to monitor, draw conclusions, make recommendations and improve student learning (IAR, 2011). The Instructional Assessment Resources (IAR) follows three main steps which include planning, gathering data and reporting results. IAR first considers the subject area, difficulty, constraints, expected student results and other features of the course or activity which sets the frame of reference for all subsequent planning decisions in a student assessment (IAR, 2011). It is important to determine whether the process will use the assessment to informally monitor student work, provide feedback, document progress and to formally evaluate student knowledge. IAR (2011) publication mentioned that it is important to decide how often the assessment process will be conducted. An assessment plan is significant because it details how to implement the assessment. The plan includes the course learning objectives, assessment points, the assessment methods and the performance criteria for each method (IAR, 2011). During the IAR student assessment process, data gathering focuses on the best way to implement the various assessment methods (IAR, 2011). The process should put emphasis on the processes and methods to assess student learning, performance criteria for all approaches used and ethical or grading concerns (IAR, 2011). Using the IAR student assessment process, at the start and end of the semester, students complete assessments that are used to determine their strengths and opportunities for improvement in areas of strategic learning. IAR publication notifies that the results of this assessment do not affect their final grade in the course (IAR, 2011). NAEP student assessment process intends students answer questions based on a variety of age appropriate reading materials such as stories, poems reports and advertisements. According to NAEP (2008) publication Trends in Academic Progress the assessment process is designed to measure students ability to locate specific information in the text provided, make inferences based on information in two or more parts of the text and identify the main idea in the text. The publication continues to say that students reading skills were assessed using multiple-choice questions and some constructed response questions (NAEP, 2008, p. 8). The NAEP (2008) publication also stated that the skills and abilities shown by students performing at different points on the reading scale help to provide additional context for understanding changes in students performance over time (p. 12). Using the NAEP student assessment processes, the results obtained are in terms of average scale scores, percentiles and five performance levels. The assesment results are described by race, gender and type of school (Beatty, 1994). Identify the goals and assumptions inherent in these processes and assessment instruments. Goals The goal of student assessment is to show reliable evidence that learning relative to course goals has occurred (Siebert McIntosh, 2001). The assessment is congruent with this role because they put more emphasis on the measurement of learning outcomes over more course completion. Apart from measuring the outcomes, assessment can be used to inform instruction. Siebert McIntosh (2001) says that through studying the students in the class and collecting data that inform about the progress hence establish the effectiveness of the teaching practice. Siebert McIntosh (2001) also noted that a well designed assessment can be used as a learning tool by students hence assessments provide students with feedback on the efficacy of their study habits and therefore allow students to assess their own learning (p. 57). Another goal of assessment is that they help students to provide information only on what students know and do not know based on that assessment, taken on that day (Psencik, 2009). Students assessment measures their perceptions of their teachers practices in the same domains and allows comparisons of the discrepancies between each student and their teachers perceptions of classroom practices in each domain of classroom practice McCombs Miller (2008). In addition, Psencik (2009) says that through student assessment, teams involved establishment a commitment to mapping as one of several tools they will develop together for their learning as well as their students learning. Assessment results are used to determine the retention or promotion of students, rating of schools based on single test data, or differentiated pay for staff whose students score high. Student assessment can be part of every instructional opportunity and experience. Avery (2003) mentioned that the data gathered during the assessment process serves to improve the instruction and ensure student learning (p. 20). They are used to measure student learning outcomes, and the process is iterative, cyclical and leads to action. In addition, Avery (2003) also says that an effective assessment plan will produce data to show that students are learning and we are accountable and to depict the integral value of librarians to the educational process. Assumptions While carrying out the student assessment process, the assumptions cannot be overlooked. Psencik (2009) noted that the first assumption is that professional learning communities who are most successful engage in rigorous learning through designing aligned, reliable and valid assessment instruments. Psencik thus says that there should be continuous learning of new ways of and for assessing student learning and work to develop powerful instruments (2009). The second assumption is that the more teachers are involved in the process with the students, the deeper the teachers and students understand the students progress and the goals students need to set for themselves (Psencik, 2009). The third assumption is that as teaching teams design and use common assessments of and for learning, they will develop deeper understanding of the concepts and standards for their courses of study. Psencik (2009) also says that it is assumed that during the assessment process, the teams will begin to visualize what students are actually doing when they are proficient, and explore new and different instructional strategies(p. 65). Analyze the instrument's quality and appropriateness. The design and implementation of an effective assessment tool in a school, school district, or state presents many challenges hence there is a need for a careful assessment of the instruments quality and appropriateness. Doran (2002) says that an appropriate instrument must use format that enable students to demonstrate what they know and what they can do (p. 15). An appropriate instrument and tasks must collect relevant data and information that are consistent, informative, reliable and valid to all students (Doran, 2002). In this context, it can be noted that both IAR and NAEP instruments are appropriate because they are flexible, adaptable enough to accommodate a variety of learning styles and language proficiencies, enabling students to demonstrate their knowledge and skills in multiple ways. The assessments must be consistent with the decision they are designed to inform. Siebert McIntosh (2001) noted that achievement and opportunity to learn science must be assessed. Also the technical quality of the data collected is well matched to the decision and actions taken on the basis of their interpretation. In addition the inferences made from assessments about student achievement and opportunity to learn must be sound (Siebert McIntosh, 2001). Another important feature of assessment is that it is an ongoing process aimed at understanding and improving student learning. Siebert McIntossh (2001) indicated that student assessment involves making our expectations explicit and public, setting the necessary criteria and high standards for learning quality (p. 58). The assessment process is governed by systematically gathering, analyzing, and interpreting evidence to establish how well performance matched the expectations and standards. Assessment helps key stakeholder to focus on their collective attention, examine their assumptions and create a shared academic culture dedicated to assuring and improving the quality of education (Siebert McIntosh, 2001). In her studies, Avery (2003) noted that classroom-level assessment can take relatively simple forms. This assessment process is legitimate and highly informative and implementation and data analysis are easily managed. The classroom assessment techniques (CATs) give continuous feedback and therefore it enables us to be confident students are learning. Avery (2003) further says that CATs also can be used to obtain formative or summative student learning information. Through student assessment process we are able to determine if students have obtained critical thinking skills, the behaviors and the abilities to synthesize crucial concepts and ideas. National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) student assessment process enables institutions to capture the bigger picture of student information literacy skills. Avery (2003) noted that information literacy assessment within a classroom setting includes strategies that focus on course syllabus, products for the course and the process by which students create those products (p. 10). The methodologies used in this assessment process include evaluation of bibliographies, reviews of assignments and underscore the research process and the use of portfolios or journals. In order to make these assessment processes to be effective the goals and objectives of the instruction must be explicit and fully understood by the students as well as the teacher (Avery, 2003). While carrying out the assessment in Instructional Assessment Resources (IAR), the assessment tools are matched with both the definition or theory being used and the goals of the assessment (Starko, 2009). The first assumption while carrying out this assessment is that no one assessment has sufficient reliability and validity to be the sole determination of student educational opportunities. This implies that it is important to have different sources of information. Starko (2009) indicated that other sources of student information required in the assessment process include standardized tests, performance assessments, and behavioral observation (p. 307). In Instructional Assessment Resources (IAR) it is recommended that the multiple sources of student information are examined rather than creating an artificial, summed creativity score. In addition, Horvat, Block Kelly (2007) says that most assessment tools are selected based on very practical consideration such as how easy they are or how much time they require to administer. The appropriateness of assessment tools is based on the complexity and subjective nature of many of the behaviors being assessed or if there is ambiguity as to whether a student is consistently demonstrating improvement. Beatty (1994) on the other hand identified that the appropriateness of an assessment tool is dependent on the range of constructed response exercises to stimulate thinking and a wide array of stimuli. IAR assessment exercises were innovative in other respects. Beatty (1994) says that one limitation of this type of assessment is that it frequently presents pieces of information or problems to be solved in isolation. IAR encourages students to consider several different aspects of the subject and have greater opportunity to demonstrate their knowledge and understanding. NAEP assessment tool also encourages students to consider several different aspects of the subject and have greater opportunity to demonstrate their knowledge and understanding. Beatty (1994) NAEP strategy uses two longer sets of exercises known as theme blocks. This assessment tool gives the students the opportunity to showcase their ability to work with a variety of primary and secondary sources to use several different sources at once and to synthesize a body of information. Beatty (1994) says that NAEP also uses multiple choice questions and the assessment includes both short and extended constructed response questions. The advantage of this instrument is that each constructed response question is scored according to a scoring guide or rubric that gives credit for partially correct answers. In conclusion, students assessment process plays an important role in measuring the effectiveness of student learning and teaching process. Both Instructional Assessment Resources (IAR) and National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) student assessment processes require a clear definition of goals and objectives of carrying the procedures. The process employed should be flexible, adjustable enough to take care of a variety of learning styles and language proficiencies. This enables students to reveal their knowledge and talents in numerous ways. Buy custom Students Assessment Process essay

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

The Latin Word for Breathe Inspired Many English Terms

The Latin Word for Breathe Inspired Many English Terms The Latin Word for Breathe Inspired Many English Terms The Latin Word for Breathe Inspired Many English Terms By Mark Nichol The Latin verb spirare, meaning â€Å"breathe,† is the source of a number of verbs (and other parts of speech). Here’s a summary of these words and their meanings. Aspire literally means â€Å"breathe on†; the connotation is that one breathes heavily with the exertion of aspiring to a goal. The modern sense of aspire is â€Å"try to be or do something,† and the noun form aspirant refers to someone who is a candidate or contestant. To conspire (the word literally means â€Å"breath together†) is to plot, or plan a scheme with others. Plotters are also called conspirators, and conspiracy is a synonym for plot. Expire means â€Å"breathe out† but usually connotes the end of an offer or of a product’s shelf life; the noun form is expiration. (In Latin, expirare also meant â€Å"die,† and this sense carried over into English, although it is now rare.) The literal meaning of inspire is â€Å"breathe in†; the figurative sense derived from the idea that a deity breathes life into a mortal. The verb and the noun now chiefly pertain to that sense- of having an emotion or a feeling that prompts one to create or to cause something to happen. (An inspiration can also be someone or something that has a role in the accomplishment of a creative act or an event.) Perspire, meaning â€Å"breathe through,† is associated with the production of sweat; the noun form is perspiration. The verb respire (literally, â€Å"breathe again†) is rare, but the noun form respiration, which refers to the breathing cycle of inhaling oxygen into the body and exhaling carbon dioxide, is common. Suspire (literally, â€Å"breathe under†) is a rare synonym for sigh. Transpire, which literally means â€Å"breathe (or evaporate) across,† refers to evaporation of water from leaves (a process called transpiration) but has, by extension, come to mean â€Å"become known† as well as â€Å"happen† or â€Å"occur,† now the predominant senses of the word. Two technical terms derived from the Latin root are spirant, a linguistic term for a breathy consonant, and spirometer, the name of a device for measuring lung capacity; the principle is called spirometry. Finally, a related term is spirit. The word has multiple meanings: It became associated with divine power (see the reference to the figurative sense of inspire above) and, by extension, came to pertain to one’s character or nature, or the essential principle of something, and to denote courage, enthusiasm, or vigor. (Also based on the supernatural sense, it serves as a synonym for ghost.) In addition, it acquired in alchemy an association with volatile substances and ultimately came to be applied to alcoholic beverages. (Spire, referring to a tapering element such as the pinnacle of a tower, comes from an unrelated word for a sharp point; spear, however, is cognate with spire. Spiral, likewise, is unrelated both to the -spire family of words and to spire and spear.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Using "a" and "an" Before Words7 Tips for Writing a Film ReviewApostrophe with Plural Possessive Nouns

Sunday, November 3, 2019

British Politics and the European Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

British Politics and the European Union - Essay Example As observed by Scheffler (2008: 37), the media has been given whole opportunity to highlight the weaknesses of European Union and as a result, the sense of skepticism has continued to deepen. This has also resulted into the deepening of the differences between the parties in the integration and hence resulting into a more sophisticated debate on the merits of the integration. This is believed to be one of the reasons that have shaped the British approach to Europe which is important as well before one can describe British as an awkward partner in the union (Bache & Jordan, 2006:4). However, these are failures of the government and do not justify the British awkwardness with respect to the affairs of the integration. As stated by Booker & Richard (2003:174), however, all independent nations would want to benefit from all the economic integrations tat they are engaged in and hence would participate in the affairs of such integrations if they benefit. Lack of favoritism policies of the European Union is therefore perceived as a reason for awkwardness.However, as stated by Bache & Jordan (2006:5), the late membership of Britain to the European Union must have cost the nation greatly. Since Britain joined the European Union late after other members states had joined and set rules and regulations, some politicians have argued that the rules were set in favor of the existing members. As a result, Britain has not benefited much from the joining of the integration (2006:5).... dent nations would want to benefit from all the economic integrations tat they are engaged in and hence would participate in the affairs of such integrations if they benefit. Lack of favoritism policies of the European Union is therefore perceived as a reason for awkwardness. However, as stated by Bache & Jordan (2006:5), the late membership of Britain to the European Union must have cost the nation greatly. Since Britain joined the European Union late after other members states had joined and set rules and regulations, some politicians have argued that the rules were set in favor of the existing members. As a result, Britain has not benefited much from the joining of the integration. This means that the policies and regulations of the integration do not benefit the nation. The rules that were set in favor of the founding members states therefore presents a technical constraint to Britain and hence presents it as an awkward member. This reflects the fact that the political practices as well as the constitutional attitudes of the founders of the European Union are different from those that the United Kingdom was accustomed. The relationship between the integration and the United Kingdom is therefore very difficult as the nations and the Union’s policies and constitutions are not homogenous. The differences in the constitution have therefore presented difficulties with regard to the United Kingdom’s relation to the integration. For example, the basis of the European Union is the separation of the powers of institutions as well as political coalitions unlike the British’s emphasis on centralized state, an adversarial â€Å"winner take all† as a style of party politics and the informal constitution. In this context, it is difficult for the nation to benefit adequately

Friday, November 1, 2019

Good Night, and Good Luck, directed by George Clooney, from 2005. film Essay

Good Night, and Good Luck, directed by George Clooney, from 2005. film analysis - Essay Example This is not as appealing as it would be to watch such events as they occur. The photography as done in black and white seems to indicate that the film is in fact, black and white. It means that Murrow is white for his right actions and McCarthy is black due to his wrongful doings. McCarthy continues to do wrong with the film for accusing communists (innocent people) for their beliefs, as he does not have sufficient proof (Clooney & Heslov 39). The news crew and Murrow are right for standing up against McCarthy as nobody else shows the viewers why his actions are wrong. Photographic styles of black and white appear to make the theme of the movie. It made the audience more alert to the immediate environment within the movie. This is because black and white appears relatively boring and dull, the movie’s theme really stands out. Irrespective of the film focusing on the conflict between historical figures, Senator Joseph McCarthy, and journalist extraordinaire Edward Murrow and the roles been played by actors under a dramatic script, the film does not fully fit as a documentary. The question brings to light various cinematographic elements of Clooneys film. Clooney, having directed and co-written the film chooses to depict the film in a manner that mimics direct cinema methodologies such as in other documentaries exhibited between the1950s and 1960s (Clooney & Heslov 35). First, the camera used in the film is hand-held and follows the action to plan the way the director takes black and white shots. It appears to capture all aspects of reality while they happen. The line is so blurry for an effective distinguisher between nonfiction and fiction. Sen. McCarthy is presented by himself through digital restoration of clips about him. Past this technique, the film also includes various dramatic structures that are similar to those of a documentary. With love stories taking over, the