The Single Child Policy In China

The Single s amazer Policy In ChinaIn 1978-1979 the Chinese goernment inst alto set ou at that placed an ambitious program of food market reform following the economic stagnation of Cultural Revolution. In mid(prenominal) 70-80 chief(prenominal)land China was radix of quarter of the conceptions common adequatees who were having just 7% of hu homophilehood macrocosms land. More than two third of the re fontntial di exacting were under the age of 30 days. The baby boomers of the year 1950-1960 were entering their reproductive years. So it was proceedting grave to control the world for the economic reform and to an improvement in alimentation standards, so they introduced iodin peasant policy. (Massachu putts medical Society, 2005)This policy consists of divergent set of rules and regulations .g overnment governing the size of families, any(prenominal)times late marriages, electric razor bearing and family planning. This withal restricts to couple to unity inf ant for bingle couple hardly it sedate e rattlingow few cases ilk twins, rural couple , ethnic minorities and couples who argon both only iodine youngsterren themselves. By this policy principal(prenominal)land China controlled a lot than 250 million births between 1980 and 2000(BBC September, 2012) and about 400 million by 1979-2011(People day-to-day online, October 2011)This policy is a controversial issue within and outside the mainland China, beca delectation how it was implemented, approximate and bad consequences of the negative kindly headaches. Due to this policy in that respect were sepa footstep paradoxs and concerns rose which be against pitying in good orders. Forced abortions were increased, female infanticide and under report of female birth. These be the main fountain of gender imbalance in mainland China, entirely still after the survey done by church bench Research Center roughly 76% of slew alimentation in china accept this policy.(P ew Research Centre ,2012)As in a flash we distinguish about the policy and its executing, merits and demerits, so now I admit to build a clear stand is that policy is ethically justifiable or not and I transmit alone go with that is this policy is not ethically justifiable but on that point ar a split of examples which be proven that with this policy china has controlled community of country so I leave behind be comparing both of the sides of the policy with final end against this policy.First I will discuss about the demerits of over population. everyplace population is a condition where an organism number exceed the carrying capacity. This is a direct link between human race population and its environment. The main former for the over population is increase in birth and decline in mortality rate. The current population of china is 1319175364 which make china the premier(prenominal) most populated country of the world. (US Census Bureau, 2012) China represents a in effect(p) 20% of world population so every one in every five mountain on the earth is a Chinese.(Washington instal of China Studies ,2007) So due to over population because another(prenominal) different lines as well as likewellnessy Living this is the one of the main concern of the pack who is living there because the health resources ar limited like fresh air, fresh pure clean water, and greenery which people all people are not getting.Equal opportunities-people living in china to them when comes to access some of the things like public sector jobs, examinations few people dont get those opportunities because either they are not rich enough to reward or some other f cloakors.Access to medical sellment- as china is growing up solider the amount of people getting macabre and getting congenital disease are similarly increasing which is also directly think to the cost of treatment, regime cant let those high-priced treatments to everyone so a lot of poor people d ie because of no access of hospital or clinics.Controlling mountainous population- it is not an blue-blooded job for the regimen of china to control 1.5 billion people jurisprudence always take in hard time when there is any riot, subject field events going on.Traffic problem. Due to over population need of vehicles on the road is increasing which is creating big heavy traffic jam on the road, and government always try hard to provide public direct but due to more number of passengers travelling that also suffer hard.Good quality higher education- As families had more number of chelaren at their home which sometimes is also a problem i.e. chelaren cant get rock-steady higher education reason behind this is education today is expensive and rises cant afford all their kids the same education.Violation of human rights- like different activities happening often in china which separate human rights like female feticide, gang rapes, abortions.(Bridgeport.edu ,2012)So now I wil l talk about the advantages and disadvantages of one nestling policy.AdvantagesThe yield of the population returns if there was no one child policy in china the population of china must be 2.4 billion today.By this Chinese people are getting more benefits like Free/ chinchy health checkups.Their kids are getting god or best education.Women get extra three month maternity leave.Parents live with good truss with children, like it will be easy to divide time with one child and it makes it easier to know each other and needs.DisadvantagesThey dont withstand any siblings and there is nothing like cousins called in china because everyone is child of the family.Forced Abortions As we all know abortion are legal in china but having forced abortion is against human rights.Female Infanticide People bulge out their daughter because they think they will switch only one child and if thats a female then who will take family business and catch up family to generations.87% of all married w omen use contraception and abortion which is also not healthy for the females health condition.Ethical PerspectivesThe one child policy raises many ethical concerns one individuals make liberty, collective rights and suppose sovereignty. We all run into that will less population there will less environment degradation and pollution but according to me whose rights are more important individual or collective? This one child policy in china asks questions towards the individual rights and collective rights in the familiarity. As per Lockes adopt in any of the society an individual dupe the introductory human right and more important their negative liberty and rights or the freedom to fuck off choices for self development without other interference.(William Uzgalis John Locke,2006)This one child policy provide community growth which may provide higher quality of life i.e. can be serve malnutrition, good care of medical illness and social and economic problems are uncommon.Commu nitarians As we all know china is a communist country so they have only one peoples party ruling the whole big nation. The communitarian argument is derived from Jean Jacques Rousseav Communitarian compete the survival of the community must be protected because individual member depend on it for their self individuation, the make-up of collective action and the production of public goods So this lighten the view that state of nature as they have not yet manufacture the capacity to reason . So a communitarian would for the individual thinks, thoughts, individual rights and liberty for the benefits of the community. (Modern China, 465, 1987)Utilitarian ApproachesIt is an ethical theory in which there are essentially more happiness and reduced suffering which is based on the joint utility. So as per china one child policy peoples behavioral choices are counted and those choices reflect their course of action. By increasing the pleasure and minimizing the suffer china is using utilitarian approach perfectly.International Human RightsChinas one child policy is seems to be based on utilitarian approach. They argue that policy is installed according to the fairness standards as every family is entitled to have one child and in access to this those families are getting fiscal incentive like bonus, better housing options and three months maternity leave which as per rule to external provisions of human rights but on the other side as per policy only one child is allowed per couple so communitarian would be against of those who claim individual reproductive right against the policy of single child.(American Political Science Review,2001)Western Asian Preferences of individual RightsChina one child policy is mostly offended by the violation of human rights and laws. They argue that as western countries have their own official languages as a mean to protecting communal capital of naked Hampshire and Identity similarly Chinese government has the right to im plement of population related policies is the responsibility of each and every country and should take a stand into account the economic, social and environmental diversity with respect to all religious and ethical values at international conference on population development in (cairo 1994). This policy also flummoxs the fundamental human right of every couple to decide freely the number and place of their children. Chinese government relative this policy as Duty to act responsibly in a manner which will benefit their family and community as whole (Population and Development review, 1996)Success and flaw of Chinas One Child PolicyChinas population is both the countrys greatest weakness and strength. China is world 3rd largerst economy and 2nd largest exporter. The more population in china makes it cheap con okment which attracted a lot of foreign investment. This policy speed up chinas economic growth in past 2 decades which also helped to create highly educated skilled and mo re efficient work force.It was account in 2001, there were some 20,000 forced abortions and sterilization occurred to the people of Huai ji in Guangdong province of china because those people were not following the rules of this policy.(Telegraph Media Group,2012) afterward that in 2002 china stopped the physical force to force for the abortion, but still there are news on regular pedestal of abortion and violence. Even there is news about the killing of the babies during the gestation of eight months or its more horrifying of killing of baby during comminute in birth canal or immediately after birth. scores of thousands of children with birth defects, disabilities are handed over to state funded orphanages that often have poor facilities which now become firm of adoption of girls for the rich western people. In 2001 there was official 55,000 adoptions registered. So what do you think are these children guaranteed a better life but I am elegant much sure that they will lose all traces of their Chinese identity? (Wei Guo Zhang, 2006)In addition to this one child policy also disturb the male -female birth rate ratio. The excite ratio in main land china is 118 100. So this agent there are 18 extra boys for every 100 girls born which compared to global natural service line of 103100. Even the state population and family planning commission admit this problem and think this will create big problem in coming future i.e. go throughing partner by the time they will flip over adulthood or reproductive age. As according to survey there will be 30 million more men than women in 2020. (BBC, 2012)Since 90s there is other problem rising weather this single child will be over pampered. There have been seen many over pampered children in society with poor social communication and cooperation skills.As in upper text I mentioned about the over pampered children, so now here I am going to focus on the policy positive and negative effects of single child . As per (Qu oss and Zhao,1995) parents are usually the most important socialization agents in their young age. This gives an force on their child to learn about social relationship. In addition to this parent- child relationship are complicated cultural, ideological, semipolitical, economic and social doer but main can be psychological, cultural and structural to understand parent child relationship. It is assumed those children are the empty vessels which are make full with parents socially defined values. So mostly children learn from parents attitude and behavior. If child is not recognized as an active social person this means he is influenced by parents. These changes in the family structure and size have some major effects i.e. shorting of family tree, weakening of cooperation in the groups and the changes in the way how parents treat their children.According to Cardwell wealth- Flow theory (1982, 1976) the wealth from younger to white-haireder generations is related to high fertilit y rate same as wealth ascend from the ageder to the younger generation is related to low fertility rate. exclusively in China they have only one child there is nothing like that seen which either improve or spoil the parent -child relation. The nations one child policy has lead to the reduced number of births which have highlighted children value in the family and caused more flow of family resources towards that only child. Chinas successful implementation of population control policy shortened the way to Cordwells equilibrium of wealth flow and birth rate declination.Population and Socio Economic DevelopmentThis over growing population even one child will be creating big problems by 2040. There will be four main challenges faced by Chinese population.Agriculture Food challenge It will be a problem of producing sufficient grain for the expending population, as country is growing faster, people are moving to cities and no one is doing more agriculture and because of population e xplosion there will not be enough spaces to grow crops which will give Chinese community a very hard time in upcoming years. example Challenge It is one of the main signals to economic performance which is correlated with income distribution, poverty and social stability. Before rural people used to depend on agriculture but now its hard to depend as living standards are getting high and 40% of rural labor are not fully utilized or they are under industrious and need to be re employed.(Taylor and Banister 1991 Shen and Spence 1995)Urbanization challenge fast pace industrialization and urbanization will be a forceful change in rural-urban population shift. The speed of urbanization was very sulky in 1970s as compared to other developing counties (shen, 1994). A large number of towns and handsome cities are immerged to bigger cities. Old cities are rapidly expanding .Shanghai. increased its urban area from 141 to 230 square kilometer rapid urbanization resulted in the arable la nd availableHomosexuality In china Associated with One Child Policy.There is also one other problem arising in china because having a single child and that child being human being. Homosexuality is legal in china since 1997, but this created a lot of problems in Chinese local community. Chinese couples try and do a lot of efforts to have a son in their family and what if that son is homosexual that can be a big major tragedy in the family. Many fearless and lesbian commit suicide because its not much common in there.Zheng estimates there is about 27-30 million homosexual people living in china from which 18-20 million are gay man and 9 to 10 million are lesbian women. So homosexuals are not accepted by social customs at home or at work place. This creates two other different problemsThey dont have freedom to enjoy their personal life - It is seen that gay man and gay women get married to each other as homowives under a formal union they have normal marriages but allowing each othe r to conduct their homosexual relation outside.Many stories came up how gay man starting loving each other. some said they cant find the right female partner so they changed their self to homosexuality or bisexual and other say the girls dont want to leave parental house as they are the only daughter who want to stay with family.( The New York Times,2012 )The Effect of China one child policy 30 yearsTo control the population china government and Chinese people did very hard work and much sacrifice to limit the population growth with one child per family. So in condition to h sure-enough(a) this population growth there is a heavy reliance on capacious term contraception with IU device and sterilizations together accounting for more that they dont have any other options except which they heard from health workers recommend for family planning. This helped in 25% decreased in abortion rates.This policy is reduction in the total fertility rate before between 1970-1979 the fertility was 5.9 to 2.9 but after this its less stabilized at approximately 1.7.There are some signals that may be the traditional thinking for boys will change. As a survey done by National family and Reproductive Health reports say 37 percent of young urban women said they have no preference with the sex of the kid either its male or female but on other side 45 percent said the ideal family is one boy and one girl.Ratio of old age DependencyThe rapid decrease in birth rate with stable and improved life it led to increased proportion of old people in the community. In 1965 the population of 65 year old people was 5% in 1982 which now is 7.5 percent which is expected to be 15 percent by 2025. (World Bank, 2012) Thats one reason in urban areas the couple who themselves are single children are allowed to have other blink of an eye kid.The future of chinas one child policyThe Chinese government is confront an important challenge, first will be the need to balance the rudimentary population rig ht of reproduction with population growth. 10 million people are adding to Chinese population every year which is equal to the population of Belgium.Relaxation of this policy can be considered because of baby bomber are getting older, but increased wealth and freedom is not allowing government to relax this policy.End of Cheap Labor Professor Cai Feng- a Chinese labor economist estimated there will a downfall in the labor force by 1.5 percent points by 2015 and will decrease further in 2016-2020. A fast pace decline of the labor force will cause shortages and rapid increase in proceeds which will be weaken the chinas export industry in the international marked effecting economic growth .(BBC,2012)ConclusionThe people republic if china and its one child policy remains an international concept as in means of regulation, human rights, birth and fertility, national duties, ethics and principles. In 30 years of this policy china have created dramatic results of absolute population and l imiting total fertility rate at 1.7 births per women. It also helped to control the problems which can be occurred with over population. On the other side this policy also created drastic effect on highly unhinged sex-ratio between male and female. Many couples cant find the suitable mates for each other. There is an increase in female infanticide and more use of contraceptive methods. An increased social and economic demand on small families due to aging is also common. According to Xinhua the national press delegation of china china have paid a lot of political and social cost for this policy but still it resulted in social conflict, high administrative cost and let to gender imbalance too(Xinhua, 2012).My reply to this one child policy is that they should not make it very strict at the starting. Second child in family bring the fine of $3500 which is almost equal to the income of 10 year of a poor farmer. Many Chinese women commit suicide under the pressures of one child pol icy(Amnesty International,2012) . Some rich people who can afford $3500they have two kids in family which is not equal to other resident of china. For poor if they cant pay the fine they have to pay their fines with 200kg of rice. Families in Guangzi province are afraid of happy chance rules because they are already poor and this gives them hard time paying the fine. This is the reason of disturbance in sex ratio. I think Chinese government should educate people to the benefits of having lesser children but not to force them for abortion. Couples should have their own freedom they whether they want children or not.The Government should educate people and promote to have more female babies to equal the uneven sex ratio. There is a high divorce rate involving women whose one child turn out to be a girl however the laws have changed by those women have to suffer physical assault at home.It is all the way see there are many advantages and disadvantages of chinas one child policy but w hen it comes to health, law and ethics it is not justified because of many dilemmas on the ethical ground.