Self

We mental testinged this evolutionary hypothesis on 166 college students by measuring rod self-importance-deceit using both a questionnaire and a series of suppositious percentage scenarios. The results showed a positive coefficient of correlation between self-deceit and virtuous oscilloscope, which was moderated by private malaise. Among participants with high, but not woeful, self- consciousness, high deterrent example self- archetype privates were more than(prenominal)(prenominal) willing to help hen potential selflessness were bear(a) than low deterrent example self-concept individuals, whereas there was no difference between the devil groups concerning helping without self-benefit.These results support the evolutionary great deal that self- deceit distributes to maintain optimal chaste self- concept, particularly for individuals with high solicitousness. ? 201 1 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Humans argon social animals who pursue selfish interests in a accommodative scene in which normal interests be also observed. There be subsequent conflicts between pursuing self-interests and protecting public interests. Solving and balancing these conflicts has resulted in specific adaptations to group living.On the one hand, various group-oriented colonization processes help to modulate the development of moral self-concept among group members that serves to maintain the cooperative group setting by curbing selfish interests and promoting public interests. Individuals of high moral self- concept thus behave more altruistically. On the opposite hand, altruism operates among other adaptive forces, such as deception and self-deceit, which allow one to get hold of or believe to be acting altruistically while truly acting elfish (Commodes & Toby, 2005 Cummins, 1999 von hipster & T rivers, 201 1 Drivers, 1976).In deception, self-interests replace public interests in the conscious mind in self-deception, self-interests ar e pushed to the unconscious and the individual is Only aware of public interests (Alexander, 1987). The factor regulating deception and self-deception may be self- consciousness, which is the extent to which individuals are disposed(p) and able to analyze their inner thoughts and feelings (Finessing, Cashier, & Buss, 1975). Low moral self-concept individuals may openly deceive others by maintaining Corresponding author. Address Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese university of Hong Kong, Satin, N. T. Hong Kong. Tell. +852 2609 6936 fax +852 2603 6921. electronic mail add emailprotected Du. Husk (L. intensify). 0191-8869/$ see front matter ? 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. inside1 0. 1 016/j. Paid. 2011. 07. 014 self-interests in the conscious mind, while high moral self-concept individuals may self-deceive by pushing self-interests to the unconscious. Self consciousness may serve to regulate these two silvering strategies. The purpose of the present study is to examine the dealing among moral self- incept, self-consciousness, and self-deception in an effort to better understand self-deception indoors an evolutionary framework.Unlike philosophers who are concerned to the highest degree the existence, realization, and determinationality of self-deception (e. G. , Davidson, 1985 Demos, 1960 Vinaigrette, 1969 Melee, 1 997), or mainstream psychologists who focus on the mechanism and functionality of self-deception (e. G. , Greenland, 1988 Smacked, 1983 Phallus & John, 1 998), evolutionary psychologists are interested in how self-deception has evolved as a fitness-enhancing dodging.The evolutionary view holds that self-deception has evolved in an uncongenial world as a result of an arms race between deception and deception detection (Drivers, 2000). In human group living, conflicts of interest are present most of the time (Alexander, 1987), and deception has become a ubiquitous strategy to manipulate group members in order to maximize self- interest and operation public interests (Mitchell, 1 986 Drivers, 1985). Detection of deception evolves to guard against personal victimisation and public encroachment. In response, self-deception evolves to escape detection.During deception, maintaining both true and imitation in diversityation in the consciousness while presenting only falsehoods to others results in supernumerary cognitive load for the deceiver (von Hippie & Drivers, 201 1). Conscious awareness around the truth may result in the deceiver unintentionally exposing clues about the truth. A self-deceiver keeps only false information in the consciousness H. J. Lu, L. Change / personality and Individual Differences 51 (2011) 845-849 and leaves no clues about the truth, which is kept in the unconscious, and thus avoids detection completely (Drivers, 2000).Whereas self-deception was originally construed mainly as an interpersonal strategy to facilitate deception of others (Drivers, 1976, 1985), it also is an interpersonal inconstant that, as part of the self-system, entails chronic misrepresentation of the self without immediate or explicit reference to others (Exurban & Skittish, 2007 Surrey, 201 1 von Hippie & Drivers 2011). In such a self-directed and deceptive state of mind, a person may selectively access certain information about, and deny other information to, the self in ways that convince both the self and others of aggrandize clarifications (Greenland, 1 988 Phallus & Reid, 1991Interpersonal self-deception therefore continues to serve the interpersonal goal of deceiving others (von Hippie & Drivers, 201 1). Consistent with the interpersonal origin of self-deception, preferential access to, and misrepresentation of, unalike aspects of the self are fashioned by active interpersonal interactions within a group context that informs the individual of his/her fitness conditions, including cooperation needs and opportunities.Often referred to as self sameness in morality or altruis m (Phallus & John, 1998), interpersonal self-deception is self-seeking because it facilitates and maintains cooperative relationships with other group members (Surrey, 2004 Surrey & McNally, 1997). Individuals are more inclined to be altruistic if they are unaware of the selfish intentions of themselves and others (Nesses & Lloyd, 1 992 Surrey, 2011). By the same logic, congenial altruism suppresses selfishness and engenders altruism in others, which actuates and perpetuates reciprocal altruism and cooperative group living (Alexander, 1987).As part of the self-system that emphasizes proportioning, representing, and misrepresenting different aspects of the self (Markus & Hurl, 1987), interpersonal self-deception contributes to the development and maintenance of self-concept (Greenland, 1 980 Skidded & Crosslink, 1997), specifically the moral or altruistic aspects of self-concept relevant to social interactions and group living. Being altruistic and unselfish, and seeing others behav ing likewise, is a core feature of colonization in most societies (Keller, Deleting, Sauerkraut, If-xi, & Ge, 2005).This colonization, in turn, shapes and reinforces individuals self-concept, specifically the moral self- concept. Interpersonal self-deception is thus vital to self-conception because t enables or facilitates the initialization of group or altruistic values that help form an individuals moral self-concept. Thus, there is a functional association between moral self-concept and self-deception regarding oneself highly in terms of morality and altruism necessitates that ostracise and selfish aspects of the self are inaccessible, and this is achieved through self- deception.In this respect, self-deception is necessary for, and slavish to, the development and maintenance of moral oscilloscope. In other words, people attaining or maintaining high moral ground may be more self- exceptive and, thus, more successful in suppressing selfish thoughts, whereas people of low moral self-concept view themselves in less-than- optimal moral light because they are not inclined to deceive themselves about their selfish thoughts.Whether or not self-deception is use to maintain high moral ground may depend on ones ability to attend to inner thoughts and feelings, including the morally undesirable aspects of the self. Such self-consciousness, especially private self-consciousness, may serve to regulate self-deception. Highly self-conscious individuals are more aware of their inner self (Finessing et al. 1 975), including blemishes in their moral self- conception. To maintain the same level of moral self-concept, these individuals will require more interpersonal self-deception to suppress moral imperfections.In contrast, the moral self-concept of those low in self- consciousness may depend less on self-deception because they are less aware of their inner selves, including selfish thoughts and moral impurities. Thus, increasing self-consciousness may increase the streng th of the correlation between moral self-concept and self-deception. To test the hypothesis that self-deception facilitates the maintenance of oral self-concept by suppressing negative aspects of the self, the present study examined the associations among selections (SIDE), moral self- concept (MS), and self-consciousness (SC).We hypothesized a positive correlation between moral oscilloscope and self-deception. We also expected MS-SIDE association to be stronger among high, rather than low, self- conscious individuals. In addition to examining questionnaire measures, we also included other measure of self-deception by having subjects respond to different helping scenarios from which we derived two helping intention rabbles altruistic helping intention without self-benefit and self-deceived helping intention with potential self-benefit.